Journalists can talk the economy up or down - Emphasis

Writers can talk the economy up or down Writers can talk the economy up or down The media should practice alert when detailing the Euro emergency, specialists caution, as the language that writers use is by all accounts influencing our monetary fortunes. As indicated by another report from the Emphasis Research Center, there is a solid connection between shopper certainty and the utilization of the word recuperation in the press. The examination followed the presss utilization of the word recuperation (alongside green shoots) during the ongoing downturn and the months paving the way to it. In doing as such, scientists found that the utilization of the terms expanded altogether even as the money related markets were still in freefall. From August to November, for instance, the FTSE 100 fell a tremendous 24 percent. However references to recuperation rose by 26 percent in a similar period. In the interim, only months after downturn got official in January 2009, customer certainty started to rise and kept on rising the more recuperation showed up in the media. Significantly, in any case, shopper certainty falled marginally behind the presss utilization of the word. The scientists recommend that the language utilized by the press may have helped float purchaser certainty and in this way added to the UKs possible move out of downturn. They additionally caution that the media itself could trigger the much-dreaded twofold plunge downturn. Loot Ashton, Chief Executive of Emphasis, says this seems to help episodic cases that the press can talk the economy up or down, regardless of whether they do so accidentally. It may be the case that just rehashing the word recuperation, similar to a mantra, by one way or another saturated the subliminal of both people in general and the market, he clarifies. This might be a case of columnists impacting the news, just as revealing it. The exploration venture started as a positive option in contrast to The Economists R-word file, which tracks how regularly the word downturn shows up in The New York Times and Washington Post. In the course of recent decades, the record has spotted major monetary defining moments, for example, the beginning of downturns in America in 1981, 1990 and 2001. A duplicate of Recovery Watch is accessible from the Emphasis site at emphbootstrap.wpengine.com/assets/research-focus/ Finishes Press enquiries For more data, if you don't mind call Indigo Cow, Emphasis PR office, on 01273 773516 or email info@indigocow.com Notes for editors 1. Recuperation Watch followed the quantity of articles containing the words recuperation and green shoots in the UK broadsheets between January 2008 and May 2010 against the setting of market action and intercession measures. These measures incorporate the UK Governments upgrade bundle, reported in November 2008; the beginning of quantitative facilitating in March 2009; and the G20 highest point pioneers $1.1 trillion bundle to handle the budgetary emergency in April 2009. While these different components may have added to reestablished confidence later on for the business sectors, similitudes between the ascent in paper references to recuperation and the Nationwide Consumer Confidence Index seem huge. 2. Recuperation Watch is the subsequent exploration venture distributed by the new Emphasis Research Center. Propelled in April 2010, the middle behaviors examination into language, correspondence and composing abilities in the UK. 3. The Emphasis Research Center is supported by Emphasis Training Ltd, which is the UKs driving business composing preparing association.

Free Samples of Essay Writing Career in Heavy Equipment Operator

Free Samples of Essay Writing Career in Heavy Equipment OperatorWorking as a free sample of essay writing career in heavy equipment operator is one of the best work opportunities you could get these days. It is true that you may face a lot of difficulties while doing this kind of work but still, there are a lot of benefits you will enjoy by choosing to earn your livelihood in this line of work. Though the earnings from the job may not be big, you would always find yourself with an immense satisfaction every time you do a work and perform a task.To begin with, you could earn a hefty amount of money if you would want to be employed as a free sample of essay writing career in heavy equipment operator. The main reason behind this is that you would have to do the heavy task that will require you to exert great effort. This is so because you will be required to have a very powerful force of will power to get through tough situations. As a result, you will also be required to use your brain power to do things that will help you deliver really good quality essays.With the working hours for heavy duty essay writing being very short compared to other career paths such as selling and doing retail management, you will need to have an ability to focus on writing fast. This means that if you have the ability to write fast, you will be able to cope up with the ever increasing work load in this field.If you do well in this line of work as a free sample of essay writing career in heavy equipment operator, you will always be able to score first place. This is because the supervisors of this work would always be willing to award you better pay on a regular basis to ensure that you keep up with the performance level. As a result, you will not only be able to sustain the performance level you are now at but will also be able to maintain it better.You could even have the chance to look for some companies that are willing to give you a very low work load. This means that you would be given the opportunity to earn more income in a shorter period of time than what you normally receive. This will be the result of this kind of work where you will be allowed to work at a very fast pace.This also means that you would be able to develop an effective essay writer. This is because you will be given the opportunity to put together a new article every day. These will then be passed on to your supervisors.They will then use this material to draft a proposal to appoint you as the next writer of essay writing jobs for them. At this point, you will have the opportunity to show your abilities by finishing up these proposals well.As a free sample of essay writing career in heavy equipment operator, you will also be given the opportunity to get a certificate after finishing all your assignments in a week or two. This means that you will be able to prove your commitment to get through these projects by finishing them off on time. With your improved performance level, you will als o be able to earn higher pay for yourself.

Pride and Prejudice Thesis Paper free essay sample

Pride and Prejudice was set in the Regency Period of history around 1790 1820 and had an alternate standard for ladies contrasted with how they are relied upon to act in todays guidelines. There was a tremendous distinction in the social remaining among ladies and men in this timeframe, and ladies were relied upon to act a specific path when contrasted with men. Back in this time property was just transferable to the men of the homes. Ladies were required to wed and were treated as items when contrasted with having the option to live their own lives and procure for themselves. Jane Austen utilizes marriage nearly as a method of ensnarement for ladies during this period as they either wed or they carry on with an existence of neediness and disrespect their family name. Jane Austen was conceived December sixteenth, 1775 to Reverend George Austen and Cassandra Austen. She was the seventh of eight youngsters and the most youthful of the two young ladies that they had. She was nearest to her sibling Henry and sister Cassandra out of every last bit of her kin. At eight years old in 1783, Jane and Cassandra were sent to live-in school for their conventional trainings which comprised of music, moving, and unknown dialect which was generally French. Mr. Austen having a remarkable broad assortment of writing in his home library permitted Jane and Cassandra to get to the library when they needed to help with their perusing and composing tries. In December of 1795, Jane was investing a great deal of energy with the nephew of a close by neighbor named Tom Lefroy and the two began to look all starry eyed at. The group of Lefroy surveyed anyforthcoming commitment as profoundly unrealistic as Tom was being upheld externallyby relatives while he was in school and making arrangements for his own training. Jane herself, and her family besides, had no more to offer in the blending, and Tom was sent away and each and Toms family bent over backward to ensure that the two never observed each other again. Pride and Prejudice was distributed in January of 1813, it was such a triumph, that a second release of the printing was immediately requested by October of 1813. In May of 1817, Henry and Cassandra accompanied Jane to Winchester to look for clinical treatment for her sickness which there was no remedy for at that point. In July eighteenth, 1817, Jane Austen passed on in Winchester and with her, she took the finishes of her incomplete works. With his associations, Henry attempted to have his sister covered at the Winchester Cathedral. (Warren). The Bennets were a white collar class family in the time as Mr. Bennet was a landed noble and man of his word rancher, while Mrs. Bennet was the little girl of a nearby legal counselor. Mr. also, Mrs. Bennet had five girls, which implied that they couldn't leave their bequest to any of their youngsters as in those occasions property was just transferable to the men of the families, so the properties and cash must be moved to their kids by means of marriage, or through their spouses in the event that they got hitched. In those occasions a lady who didn't wed could commonly just anticipate living with her family members as a dependant, so marriage is essentially the main method of getting free from the parental rooftop except if, obviously, her family couldn't bolster her, wherein case she could confront the disagreeable need of going to live with managers as a dependant tutor or instructor, or employed ladys partner. (Pride and Prejudice Notes on Education, Marriage, Status of Women, and so on ). So if a lady didn't get hitched and couldn't live with any of her family members then she would be compelled to live with another person and work as a servant or an instructor/mentor for the family that utilized her. This was the dread of Mr. Bennet for his little girls since they none of them were hitched and he just needed his little girls to be upbeat. At the point when it returned to get-togethers in the Regency Era, balls were the most excellent of the occasions. People the same would get spruced up, men in their most proper wear and ladies in their best dresses. During these balls, men were required to acquaint themselves with the ladies they needed to hit the dance floor with. In the event that the lady felt a similar route about the man, at that point they would move and if not the lady would dismiss the encouragement to move and trust that the following man will welcome her to move. Not to numerous ladies back in those days turned down solicitations to move however in light of the fact that they considered it to be an opportunity to meet a potential spouse and they couldn't be sure whether they would get one more opportunity to hit the dance floor with that individual. At the point when it came time for the couples to move there was a great deal of desires on the couple. It was critical for a man of honor to move well, for such an ability reflected upon his character and capacities. A man of his word couldn't ask a woman to move in the event that they had not been presented. A ball was viewed as a social encounter, in this way a couple could move a limit of two sets which kept going twenty to thirty minutes for every move. A courteous fellow, regardless of whether single or wedded, was relied upon to move toward the women who wished to move. Contingent upon the move arrangement and steps, a courteous fellow was permitted to contact a woman and hold her hand. Couples had numerous chances to chat or catch their breaths when they trusted that others will wrap up their way down a move movement. (Sanborn). The men in this time additionally looked down on ladies who were not on their social level. At the point when Mr. Darcy was addressing Mr. Bingley about Elizabeth from the get-go in the book he stated, she is average; however not attractive enough to entice me; I am in no funniness at present to offer outcome to youngsters who are insulted by other men. You would be wise to come back to your accomplice and make the most of her grins, for you are burning through your time with me. (Austen Chapter 3). Another case of how men saw ladies would be the means by which Mr. Darcy discussed the creative mind of ladies to Miss Bingley, A ladys creative mind is exceptionally fast; it hops from adoration to cherish, from affection to marriage, in a second. (Austen Chapter 6). These models show that men took a gander at ladies in a lower respect than themselves. Mr. Darcy in the subsequent statement takes a gander at a womans mind as meandering, staring off into space, and not having the option to choose for themselves what is best for them. He feels that when a lady prefers a man they naturally need to get hitched inside a matter of minutes in their mind. Mr. Darcy portrays Elizabeth as the most wonderful animal I at any point observed (Austen Chapter 3), so as we return to the main statement he would have no motivation to evade Elizabeth due to her looks, it would be on the grounds that she didnt fit the form that Mr. Darcy had for ladies. Numerous individuals during this time pick marriage for its social advantages and picture of decency. Men during this time would travel a long time at once with the expectation of hoping to take a spouse and by doing so would pick up riches dependent on the wife that he took. Ladies saw marriage as a key to joy, comfort, social standing, and budgetary dependability. In the start of the book Mr. Collins was visiting the Bennet family for half a month with the goal of taking one of the little girls submit marriage since his patroness Lady Catherine had exhorted the youthful Anglican Clergyman to do as such. Mr. Collins saw marriage as an exchange as opposed to wedding for affection. He needed to skirt the sentiment part of the romance as a push to accelerate the procedure. He was hoping to wed Jane the most seasoned little girl of Mr. what's more, Mrs. Bennet who was twenty-two years of age at that point however she was ineligible. He at that point proposed to Elizabeth the second most established little girl at twenty years of age who dismissed his engagement proposition. At long last, he picks Charlotte Lucas who is twenty-seven years of age and Elizabeths companion who acknowledges his proposition and disclosed to Elizabeth, I am not sentimental you know. I never was. I ask just an agreeable home, and thinking about Mr. Collins character, associations, and circumstance throughout everyday life, I am persuaded that my possibility of joy with him is as reasonable, as the vast majority can brag on entering the marriage state. (Austen Chapter 22). The two people took a gander at propositions to be engaged as a type of an exchange. Men take a gander at marriage as an exchange on the grounds that for them they can pick up land and cash by wedding the correct lady. Ladies likewise have their method of review marriage as an exchange in light of the fact that for them they will be taking a gander at it from a solace perspective. They will take a gander at a proposition to be engaged and solicit themselves what kind from life will I have on the off chance that I wed this man? . Presently there is a flip side of this as respects to ladies, Elizabeth is cautioned both by Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet that a reasonable lady never disregards the one proposition to be engaged, she may get in the course of her life. (Kalpakgian). In the event that a lady turns down a proposition to be engaged, at that point there is no assurance that she will get another, so back in those occasions most ladies would take the main proposition they got the chance to attempt to guarantee that they didn't wind up unmarried and functioning as an old house keeper or coach for a family that would take them in. At the point when it came to obligations of the people, ladies were required to deal with the homes. They were relied upon to deal with the youngsters, cook, clean, they were not permitted to work or acquire cash as that was the essential duty of the men of the family. Men were to go to work doing whatever they decided to accomplish professionally in those days and afterward get back home and unwind and invest energy with the family. On the off chance that a circumstance came about when a man and a lady needed to get a separation there were two or three distinct strategies that were utilized relying upon which social class you were in. In the event that you were a piece of the lower social classes, at that point one strategy that was utilized was spouse selling. Spouse selling was to a greater degree a custom utilized among the non-polished classes who couldnt potentially get a full parliamentary separation, permitting remarriage. During this custom the spouse would be offered to the most noteworthy bidder for the most part at a market, despite the fact that the marriage wouldnt be perceived by the Church or the State specialists it was a route for two people who couldnt

Development of corticosteroids and their formulation for inhaled drug delivery - Free Essay Example

Introduction Steroids are biologically active organic compounds with substantial roles and functions in the cell. Chemically, steroids are known with four rings settled in a specific configuration [1]. They are powerful and effective drugs used in the treatment of various medical conditions. There are two principal biological functions of steroids in a human cell. First, they act as important components of cell membranes, which alter membrane fluidity, and second, steroids act as signalling molecules [2]. Hundreds of steroids are found in plants, animals, and fungi. Steroid compounds are manufactured in the cell from the sterols lanosterol or cycloartenol, depending on the type of the species. Cholesterol, estradiol, testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone [3] can be given as popular examples of steroids [4]. Corticosteroids, one of the most common steroid groups, have been used effectively in the treatment of arthritis, asthma, autoimmune diseases, skin disorders, and some types of cancer. Anabolic steroids, a different group of steroids, are rarely used in medicine. These compounds can be abused to improve performance in sports such as competitive athletics and weightlifting. Inflammation is a significant feature of many diseases with apparently unlimited medical applications of steroids. The list includes some skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and skin inflammation, arthritis due to pain, swelling and limited joint mobility. Oral steroids can be prescribed for autoimmune diseases such as lupus, Crohns disease, and multiple sclerosis. Besides, corticosteroids are used in the treatment of many eye diseases and some cancers. They relieve or reduce chemotherapy-related nausea and reduce some allergic reactions, such as those caused by blood transfusions. One of the main ways in which steroids work in the body is to reduce inflammation. This feature is important in conditions such as corticosteroids can be taken as pills or in the form of injections. However, there are other routes of administration as well, including inhaled corticosteroids, steroid creams, and ointments. Besides, the drug can be injected directly into an inflamed joint. Additionally, steroids are effectively used to manage asthma. By reducing inflammation and controlling the bodys immune system, corticosteroids help open the small airways. Steroids can be given with an inhaler as part of routine care to reduce symptoms for asthma and help prevent acute attacks. In an acute attack requiring a hospital visit, steroids are usually administered as intravenous injections. This essay aims to give detailed information on the development of corticosteroids with an emphasis on their formulation for inhaled drug delivery. Historical development of steroids According to the 1920 edition of The Principles and Practice of Medicine [5], the relationship of Addisons disease with the adrenals was not fully understood. However, efforts were given to extract the hormone, and in 1930 a compound could be made ready for clinical trials [6]. Soon, first treatments of Addisons patients with the cortical hormone of the suprarenal gland were reported [7]. Thus it can be said that the first clinical evidence that an extract of animal adrenocortical tissue could be used to treat human adrenal failure, was demonstrated in the 1930s. As chemical analyses of cortical extracts proceeded, it became clear that there is not one cortical hormone, but that they all are steroids [8]. By the year 1940, it was concluded that there are two categories of steroids: those that lead to a retention of sodium (and thus, fluid) and those that relieve shock and inflammation [9] The widespread clinical use of intramuscular cortisone started after 1948 first in rheumatoid arthritis and soon later in other rheumatologic conditions. Only after 1950 it was possible to have oral and intra-articular administrations of cortisone and hydrocortisone. Research continued to produce semi-synthetic cortisone with some success by the year 1952. Six synthetic steroids were introduced for systemic anti-inflammatory therapy during 1954 -1958. By 1960 almost all side-effects of chronic corticosteroid administration were described. Additionally, protocols were developed to withdraw these medications while minimizing symptoms of cortical insufficiency. Dose adjustment and use of lower doses was an agenda of the researchers those days. Companion use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs began in the late 1950s first with phenylbutazone. In the 1970s the introduction of methotrexate and other anti-metabolites further delineated the dosages and indications for corticosteroids in the management of rheumatic diseases.[6] Parallel to the medical use of steroid hormones, soon athletes discovered its use to win games. As a competitive species, the human has tried all kinds of things to be the best. Athletes have used various substances to improve performance since the beginning of civilization. Even before the invention of the steroids, in the 1860s, a group of swimmers in Amsterdam were charged with taking drugs to speed up their races. After discovering the anabolic effects of steroids, probably the first application of this kind was among soldiers. German soldiers received testosterone during World War II to increase their performance and become successful on the battlefield. Anabolic steroids are man-made versions of testosterone, a male sex hormone that helps build bigger muscles. The power of these substances in increasing the performance and boosting the muscle muscles led to widespread abuse. Abusers usually consume use extremely high doses. Some even take 100 times the dose legally prescribed by physicians [10]. In the 1940s testosterone began to be widespread in competitive sports, but the dangers of loading up on testosterone were not known in detail. In the 1952 Olympics, the Russian weightlifting and wrestling teams demonstrated a significant success, which was attributed to synthetic testosterone [11]. Scientists worked to formulate better performance-enhancing drugs after the 1950s. In the early days, there was still not enough awareness on the dangers these substances to users. By 1958, an American pharmaceutical company first developed anabolic steroids. With the widespread access and use, the nasty and hazardous side effects became obvious, but by then most athletes had access to the drugs. From the 1950s into the 1970s, both the tales and facts of performance-enhancing drug use combined to increase actual use. Those athletes, who required bulk and strength to be competitive, like bodybuilders, football players, and shot put throwers, were the first to abuse anabolic-androgenic steroids. During the 1970s, the demand for anabolic-androgenic steroids grew as athletes in speed-dependent sports discovered some of the potential benefits of using anabolic-androgenic steroids. All these practices were named as doping, and were against the sports organizations rules and against the law. In 1964, the International Olympic Committee first published a list of banned drugs and practices for athletes, but they did not ban steroids until 1975. Chemical structures of steroids and how structural changes were developed Steroids are organic compounds with a ring structure (Figure 1). The most important natural steroid compounds are bile acids, male and female sex hormones (Figure 2), and adrenal gland cortex hormones. Most of these hormones are found in the cell in trace ratios, while sterols, a kind of steroid compound, are found to be abundant [12]. Sterols are accompanied by a side chain on the main steroid roof [13]. Cholesterol is the most abundant sterol, free or bound in animal tissues. Plants do not contain sterols, but another sterol phytosterol is abundant. Other important steroids are vitamin D and cardiac glycosides. Issues with side effects that have arisen during the development Side-effects of the corticosteroids were already defined during the early invention phases of these compounds. Today, there are numerous studies describing the risks and side-effects of using steroids whether used locally [14] or systemic [15]. The known side-effects depend on the dose and how long the substance is taken. Side effects have been reported affecting many body systems, including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, eye, metabolic effects, immune system, pregnancy and fertility, psychological effects, and skin. Short-term use can cause weight gain, puffy face, nausea, mood swings, and trouble sleeping. The skin may get thinner. Acne, unusual hair growth, and spikes in blood sugar and blood pressure are expected. Because corticosteroids turn down the immune system, taking them makes the person prone to infections. Taking high doses of corticosteroids for a long time can cause serious side effects. Using them for more than 3 months can cause brittle bones and osteoporosis. Kids who take them for a long time might grow more slowly. Anabolic steroids have similar side effects. These steroids can cause bad acne and fluid retention. Long-term use can stop the body from making testosterone. In men, this causes smaller testicles, lower sperm counts, infertility, and breast growth. Women may have male-pattern baldness, facial hair growth, periods that change or stop, and a deeper voice. Teens that use them might stunt their bone growth and height. High doses can lead to extreme mood swings, anger, as well as aggression. Long-term anabolic use can damage the liver, kidneys, and heart. Severe fluid retention can cause heart swelling and heart failure. These drugs can also raise LDL cholesterol, which can make the person more likely to have heart attacks and strokes [16]. Aspects of formulation for inhaled drug delivery New and easier ways of drug deliveries are invented every day. This is a fact also for steroids. Inhaled steroids are popular especially for the management of conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Inhaled formulations have many advantages including faster effectiveness, fewer side effects, ease of use, tolerability, and lower costs. Inhaled steroids are the mainstay treatment for controlling asthma. The use of inhaled steroids leads to better asthma control, fewer symptoms and flare-ups, and reduced need for hospitalization. Inhaled steroids come in three forms: the hydrofluoroalkane inhaler or HFA (formerly called a metered dose inhaler or MDI), dry powder inhaler (DPI), and nebulizer solutions. With aerosol devices, the typical inspiratory flow rate is around 30 litres per minute, which is a slow and steady breath in for around 4 seconds. The older pMDIs have a low deposition even with an ideal technique, of around 12% [17], although the newer devices have a softer plume and better valve technology, and some have smaller particle size increasing deposition. The Respimat device, although an aerosol inhaler, has a soft mist which increases deposition in the lung. The DPIs are dry powders and require less coordination. They do, however, require an adequate inhalation as it is an inspiratory flow that releases the medication from the carrier agent. The DPIs require a quick and deep inhalation, which may be problematic in patients with little inspiratory effort, for example, those with severely compromised lung function [18]. Inhalers contain different medicationsbronchodilators or corticosteroids, either singularly or combined. These medications have different durations of onset and action and an inhaled corticosteroid, for example, will not give a noticeable effect. If the person does not get instant relief from the inhaler, then they may take more doses, or conclude that their inhaler doesnt work [19]. Inhaled steroids have few side effects, especially at lower doses. Thrush and hoarseness (rare) may occur. Rinsing the mouth, gargling after using the inhalers, and using a spacer device with metered dose inhalers can help prevent these side effects. Thrush is easily treated with a prescription of antifungal lozenge or rinse. As a side note, it should be mentioned that many parents have concerns in giving their children steroids. The public should be informed that inhaled steroids are not the same as anabolic steroids that some athletes take to build muscle or increase performance. These steroids are anti-inflammatory drugs, which constitute the cornerstone of asthma therapy.

The Martial Arts Academy School Management System Project...

THE MARTIAL ARTS ACADEMY SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM THE MARTIAL ARTS ACADEMY SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT TITLE: MAAS MS PROJECT CHARTER BUSINESS CASE VERSION 1 MARCH 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Project Description 3 Measurable Organization Value: MOV3 Deliverable Structure Chart Use-Case Diagram Scope Change Procedure Comparison of Alternatives 3 Skills, Knowledge amp; Roles5 Roles and Responsibilities6 Meeting Schedule7 Team Communication8 Team Rules and Expectations8 Signatures10 Project Description: MAAS MS The Martial Arts Academy has hired Bella Tech Solutions to design a system to help automate their business operations, improve student retention, and increase revenue. The academy has found†¦show more content†¦| Miles Stone Description | 1 | Client agrees to the terms of the business plan | 2 | Initialize and Conceptualize Phase Complete | 3 | Client agrees to the terms of the Project Charter | 4 | Client agrees to the terms of the Scope Statement | 5 | Client agrees to the terms of the Schedule and Budget Baseline Plan | 6 | Client agrees to the terms of the Project Plan | 7 | Project Launch Meeting | 8 | Develop Project Charter and Project Plan Phase Complete | 9 | Client agrees to the system proposal | 10 | Analysis and Design Phase Complete | 11 | Project managers signs off on the testing of the management system | 12 | Construction Phase Complete | 13 | Client agrees to the terms of the Test Plan | 14 | Clients signs off on the Test

Bussines Decision Methods Essay - 1044 Words

INGRID B. TAGAL PROFESSOR JEH-NAN PAN DECEMBER 2008 BUSINESS DECISION METHODS ESSAY Fall semester ended. Now, its time to evaluate myself and think of the things that I learned the whole semester. Honestly, I did learn a lot of things in all my subjects. I felt like a sponge, absorbing all the knowledge I could possibly have. For Business Decision Methods, I met a lot of acquaintances and stranger, I should say. Before I came into the class, 1was not so clear of what to expect about it. But not so long, the professor started orienting u.sxzii%e_topiaat will be lectured the whole semester. I realized that BDM, is not really Greek to me. In fact, I met old acquaintances such as Mr. M e Mrs. Me*, Ms. Minzmax, and the†¦show more content†¦Linear programming aids you in identifying whether, for example, two alternatives would yield a higher profit if mixed or not, and if it should be mixed, what proportions would be adequate or could optimized the payoff. Similarly, costs can also be minimized at an optimum level using this method. This is very important for decision making in Finance, as this will help you arrive at the most efficient and effective solution for the problem. Wow! I did learn a lot this semester. And I know that the knowledge I acquired fiom this subject would help me in facing endeavours or circumstances in the future. I am now equipped with the knowledge of Business Decision Methods. I cant believe that the fall semester ended already, it seems and it felt like it was not 5 months ago when I first arrived here in NCKU. Just like the old cliche, .Time runs fast, I would say. It . might sound dramatic for me to end this essay like this; but truthfully, within the 5 months stay here in NCKU, I did learned a lot and treasured a lot. And I ~ w e i ~ - a l l _ t p P m y Y ~ ~ f e s S ~ ~ ~ t g NCKU, as a whole. Professor, I want to express m heartfe~atitude-t0-y~u,to IA@A y the department, and to NCKU for granting me the privilege, which I am_ueq+beased to have, to _ a / - study in this w e l m - n . Professor, I am most g r a t f o r v ~ u ~ @ f and k n o w l e d . . Though your schedules are hectic, you still devoted time and

Regulatory Sanction and Legal Liability

Question: Discuss the potential for regulatory sanction and legal liability relating to relating to privacy, defamation and copyright. Illustrate your discussion with reference to relevant examples and cases where possible. Answer: Privacy 1. Freedom of speech: freedom of press is an important aspect of the freedom of speech for the media. Without this right media can be rendered useless, as it is the job of the media to make people know about what is happening around them. It is important that the truth is not suppressed, but then it is also important that someones privacy is not breached. Therefore although the Privacy Laws have exempted media from gathering and disseminating information, it has also put some restrictions through interpretation by case laws and narrowed the definition of News activity, as something that is in public interest (Beattie and Beal, 2007). Hence, in the present case, the media was at fault in publishing something as private about the footballers life as the information was in the nature of public interest, it was only meant for a commercial purpose for XYZ News channel. 2. It is necessary that when private information is collected or disseminated for the viewers or readers the individual whose information is to be made public must be consented first and if the individual consents then the consent could also include changing the facts if they are not correct. In the present case the personal information of Jeff was made public without his consent which forms tort of Invasion of Privacy. In the case of Hosking v Runting, the court of appeal held that tort of invasion of privacy exists where private facts about someone are made public which are offensive in nature and do not fall under the ambit of matters relating to public concerns which could be a possible defence (Aplin, Gurry and Gurry, 2012). 3. Private facts as (discussed above) could amount to tort of invasion of privacy if they are made public without the consent and are not in public interest and are offensive in nature. The definition of private facts has been held to be those facts which as per a prudent person have a reasonable amount of privacy attached to it, according to Television New Zealand Ltd v Rogers the court of appeal stated that personal facts includes intimate personal facts such as health, sexual activity and domestic relations. Therefore the personal information of Jeffs favourite food being pies and his smoking habit comes under the scope of personal facts which are barred from being disseminated by media and would amount to tort of invasion of privacy and would lead to remedies under tort (Butler et al., 2007). 4. Privacy and well-being of a person- the freedom of expression and individuals privacy needs to strike a balance, therefore it is necessary that information that affects the individuals well being and their dignity must not be made public, because every individual has a right to a dignified life (Doyle and Bagaric, 2005). In the case of Campbell v MGN Ltd (2004), Naomi Campbell, a famous model was photographed after leaving from a narcotics clinic. The photograph was published by the newspaper Mirror, Naomi filed for breach of privacy. The House of Lords held that this was a breach of privacy as the model has a right to live with dignity and such a thing if made public can ruthlessly affect the reputation of a person as well as her confidence. The House of Lords considered the act of the media as breach of confidence by misusing private information (Wagner and Sherwin, 2013). Similarly in the present case there has been a misuse of private information of Jeff and has tainted his ca reer by stating his private information as being the cause of his failure in the football match. Defamation: the present case has two scenarios where defamation can be seen: By the gourmet restaurant wherein Jeff states the food to be disgusting which was made public by XYZ channel and the restaurant was eventually closed. In this case, the Jeff had described the food of the Gourmet restaurant as disgusting which was aired by XYZ channel. Here as per the defamation laws both Jeff and XYZ channel can be made liable for defamation as they had spread bad word about the restaurant which has caused them harm. Jeff has actually made the defamatory statement and the XYZ channel has published it. Although innocent publication as well as truth is a defence under the Defamation laws by in this situation that defence is not possible because of the following reasons: 1. The publication done by XYZ was deliberate as they knew that it would harm the reputation of the restaurant, even though they did not mean to defame the restaurant and they were only trying to cover the news of Jeff Star. 2. Jeff Star did not make a true statement as he had no substantiating proof of calling the food as disgusting, although he was only trying to defame the reporter Jock Grubb. Hence, statement passed by Jeff Star was defamatory and no defence can be used by him. Truth along with proof has been considered as the most important factor in the tort of defamation, as held in Fairfax v Coco Roco case, wherein a food critic had made truthful statement about the food but some descriptions made by him could not be proven and therefore he was held liable for defamation (Kenyon, 2016). 3. However in the present case, the damages against Jeff Start and XYZ channel can be mitigated under the Defamation laws as Jeff had apologised for his statement and the same was made public by the XYZ channel. But the apology made cannot be a defence under the laws (Barnett and Harder, 2014). 4. Another instance of defamation was the description of Jeff by XYZ publicly as out of condition and lazy. Jeff Star can file for defamation against Jock Grub and XYZ channel, as the statement made by Jock Grub which was made public by XYZ channel was defamatory and had affected the reputation of Jeff star as being Lazy nad and out of condition. Although the channel has on two occasions proved the truthfulness of the fact that Jeff Start likes his pies and his cigarettes, but the defence of truth and justification shall not apply because of the following reasons: 5. Jock Grub and XYZ channel in order to defend the case on the basis of justification and contextual truth cannot look at the facts of smoking and liking pies in its individual capacity, the defamatory part is the other half of the statement which stated that he was out of condition and lazy in training. Although the fact of Jeff liking pies and smoking was true but this cannot be associated with the contextual truthfulness of the sentence of him also being out of condition and lazy in training. In MacDonald v Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the publication made was that the former minister had made millions over mining deals in NSW. They were found to be corrupt and now face possible criminal charges, it was however further found by the authorities that they were dishonest and been misusing their positions (Barnett and Harder, 2014). Hence in this case there was justification along with contextual imputation of the truth. 5. The defence of justification and of truth fails here as the relevance or contextual implication is wrongly imputed in the present case, as there is no connection in liking pies and smoking with that of a person becoming out of condition and lazy in training. Hence, there was no truth in statements made of being out of condition and lazy in training and hence the defence of justification and contextual truth shall not be applicable (Barnett and Harder, 2014). Copyright When someones original work is used by someone else it amounts to infringement of copyright under the Copyright Act, 1968 (Kenyon, 2016). In the present case in an official reception of the footballers involved sponsors, one of the sponsors took posted the photographs of the event, XYZ channel published one of the photograph that had Jeff Star in it without the permission of the sponsor to whom the photograph belonged. There was an infringement of the copyright that subsisted in the photograph owned by the sponsor. The infringement was because of the following reasons (Knight, 2013): 1. The law of privacy can be enshrined in a persons right over its property. Copyright laws also protect an individuals right to privacy over that property. A photograph is therefore an intellectual property and hence is protected under the copyright act as somebodys property. 2. On various occasions and cases a photograph clicked by somebody has been used by others in such circumstances courts have held that the owner of the photograph had a right over the photograph as it constituted as his property. Like in the case of Ratcliff (a photographer) several of his photographs were used by Sydney Morning Herald without his permission and sued the newspaper for copyright infringement. This amounted to infringement of copyright. 3. Photographs are protected under the copyright laws as being an artistic work, the author of the photograph is the person who took it and the copyright therefore lies with him. In cases where a photograph is commissioned then the copyright lies in the person who commissioned it. Here in this case therefore the sponsor has the copyright of the photograph published by XYZ channel and they are therefore infringing the copyright laws. 4. The sponsor had posted the photograph of the event on his facebook page which is although a public platform but it is only meant for the people whom the sponsor knows, therefore using a photograph of the sponsor would not only amount to copyright infringement because the photographs copyright was vested with the sponsor, but is also a breach of privacy. 5. Even if it is considered that the photographs were already published and hence were in the public domain and therefore they could be used. The law in this respect also protects both published and unpublished work of the author. In cases of unpublished works the author has the right to first publication and in cases of a published work the author has the right to issue the copyright work to public (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman, 2008). 6. In Pro-Seiban Media AG v Carlton UK Television Ltd the court of appeals held that in order to make the information public in it is not necessary to reproduce the document that has a copyright of somebody else, even if the information is made public that could suffice the need of informing the people (Bowrey, Handler and Nicol, 2010). In the present case also, even if we consider that the photograph was used in public interest to inform the people of the truthfulness of the defamatory statement made by the reporter Jock Grub, then also the use of photograph of the sponsor would amount to infringement of copyright as the reproduction of the photograph was not necessary and the information could be let out to public even by a description of the said fact. 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