Ethics and Leadership Essay - 738 Words

Ethics and Leadership Websters Dictionary defines ethics as the principles of conduct governing an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Some ethical issues arise in more than one context. One of the ethical themes is the treatment of vulnerable people. Social work, nursing, and even the military all interact with people on a daily basis who have some sort of an expectation or dependence on their leadership and behavior. The workers in these fields make decisions that directly affect or influence the lives of other people. This is a huge responsibility that must be taken seriously. In the profession of social work, the counselor tries to listen and help the client who may talk of very delicate issues. These clients†¦show more content†¦The ethical question posed is which do you listen to, the patient who knows what they want for their life, or the medical staff who have received years of specialized training? It all comes down to the respecting the patients requests. They are completely vulnerable to the decisions you make and actions taken. Another issue when dealing with vulnerable people is learned in the medical code of ethics - beneficence. The patient is receiving medical treatment because she expects to be healthier in the end, however many treatments and medicines have side effects that make it impossible to do entirely good. Too much Tylenol causes liver damage, chemotherapy kills good cells along with the cancerous ones. The decision to treat is made when the expected outcome is better than the possible bad effects. The concept of vulnerability and how these people are treated by the social worker or nurse are similar and different in some aspects. Both have to deal with patient confidentiality, trust, and helping to solve or help something that has gone wrong. However, social workers deal with mental, psychological, and emotional disorders while nurses deal with the physical body. Another theme that arises in more than one context is social justice. What exactly is fairness and how can this be accomplished? The view ofShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Ethics Of Leadership1448 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Ethics Leadership styles and approaches vary from situation to situation, including the personality, knowledge, skills, and abilities of the leader and the followers. Employees teach the leader how to lead them. Their competence, ability, and willingness to complete a task are indicators, which assist the direction of leadership the leader takes. Keeping all of this in mind, we will describe and analyze the Situational and Style leadership approaches. Situational Leadership Read MoreThe Ethics of Leadership1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Leadership David Draper Ashford University BUS 610- Organizational Behavior Dr. Gary Shelton March 18, 2013 ABSTRACT The paper explores the leadership of Robert Nardelli at home depot during the years of 2000 through 2006. The paper focuses on his methods and actions in the context of leadership theory in an effort to define his specific leadership style. Once defined the paper examines his methods and actions to determine if they were ethical or unethical. Nardelli’sRead MoreEthical Leadership : Ethics And Leadership1730 Words   |  7 PagesEthical leadership encompasses the manner in which one leaders that respects the rights and dignity of other individuals. According to Preston (1996) â€Å"ethics is concerned about what is right, fair, just, or good; about what we ought to do, not just what is the case or what is most acceptable or expedient† (p.16). Ethical leadership calls for ethical leaders in the organization. However, although an organization’s beliefs, valves, customs and philosophies need to start from the chief executive, theRead MoreThe Ethics Of Leadership And How Ethics Produce Effective Leadership1224 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal ethics in leadership and how ethics produce effective leaders in organizations today. The importance of understanding ethics, motivation to act as a role model and developing a plan of action for an organization are discussed because of their importance regarding development of good leadership. These key points suggest personal ethics positively affect leadership and when made a priority for leaders will produce ethical and effective leadership. With so many definitions of leadership, the questionRead MoreLeadership and Ethics1248 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Although managers need leadership qualities in order to effectively complete their tasks, it is imperative to understand the difference between a manager and a leader. Management is a function in which directives are carried out and executed during the day to day activities of the business, while leaders innovate, and bring forth ideas envisioned that many would discount as possibilities. A leader must understand their role and the effect they have on others. Failure to understand theRead MoreReflection On Ethics And Leadership1722 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding the growth and meaning of ethics, the role of ethical theory in defining suitable character and conduct, and the connection between ethics and leadership will assist this student in becoming both a well-respected and ethical educational leader. For this multiple portion assignment, this student will first describe her belief of the definition of ethics, the character traits, and conduct of ethical, educational leaders. Secondly, she will defend the identification of an ethical planRead MoreThe Integrity And Ethics Of The Leadership1265 Words   |  6 Pages1. According to Steve Arneson from the website Examiner.com, there are eight most important competencies in the leadership. First, the integrity and ethics: the truth has to be told and it is important in management to do the right thing. Then, visioning and strategy are very important and as a leader, the manager has to know where he wants to go with his team and develop a good strategy to reach it; furthermore, leader has to be focus on results. A manager needs also a good judgment, be a greatRead MoreLeadership, Management and Ethics1228 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Leadership and Ethical Decision-Making INTD670-1202B-01 Phase 1 DB 2 Leadership, Management, and Ethics Professor Cynthia Roundy CTU Deborah Lam May 21, 2012 As the new leader and compliance officer with ECG I want to go over and discuss how a leader and a manager are different, and a definition of what a leader is and what a manager is. This document will also cover the responsibilities and accountabilities are for a leader and how the new leader willRead MoreLeadership, Consultation, And Ethics958 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership, Consultation, and Ethics Describe how you would work within a professional treatment team to consult, triage, and treat this case. Include a description of the various members of the professional team with whom you would be likely to interact. Additionally, explain the roles and responsibilities of each member of the treatment team. As part of the forensic team one will need to work a long side with a number of people that will help in the treatment of Mr. Mendez. There are differentRead MoreHow Ethics Influences Leadership1596 Words   |  7 PagesHow Ethics Influences Leadership In order to draw a correlation of ethics to leadership and provide an overview, I find that I must first place the elements of the correlation into the following contextual reference: definitions offered in the textbook, the objectives of the lesson(s), and finally our societal or cultural paradigms at play. In our textbook Supervision by Certo, ethics is defined as the principles by which people distinguish what is morally right and leadership as the management

Building Online Evaluation System For The Athens Farmers...

First solution is building online evaluation system. Sometimes, lacking consumer service does not means the vendors don’t want to improve their services. The reason is the vendors cannot receive advices from their consumers. Building online evaluation system can let consumers give some feedback or vote for the vendors. The Athens Farmers market manager can build an evaluation system on their website. Every consumers can go to the website and leave some feedbacks for the vendors. Moreover, the consumers for the Athens farmers market can give a store for the vendors such as one until 10. Consumers or managers can use the store to judge the vendors provide good consumer services or not. The vendor who got highest store can get some reward from the Athens farmers market. For example, the Athens farmers market give a poster for the best vendor. In the end of year, the Athens farmers market give a decoration for the vendor who got most times reward. The poster can help vendors attra ct consumer. On the other hand, it can help vendors improve their profits. Consumers can also know which vendors provided bad consumer services. It will help consumers to choose vendors. The income for the vendors will be affect by this evaluation system. This solution can make vendors have passion to improve their consumer services, and it can help vendors to know some judgements from their consumers. Belonging to quality of people’s life increasingly, people have high standard for customer serviceShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mix Revisited11165 Words   |  45 PagesManagement 2006, 22,407-438 The Marketing Mix Revisited: E. 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Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreCsr Communication in the Pharma Industry35538 Words   |  143 Pagesbe conceptualized as resources that are rare, valuable, and costly to imitate and that can provide a firm with first-mover advantages that translate to sustainable competitive gains. Such CSR initiatives can provide both tangible economic gains in market share and cost savings as well as intangible, but nonetheless valuable, enhancements to reputation and social legitimacy† (Tetrault Sirsly Lamertz, 2007: 23). Sones et al. define CSR communication as a process that â€Å"focuses on the good deeds performedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Cost Volume Profit Analysis Free Essays

THE USE OF COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 1. 1Background of study 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Volume Profit Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Statement of the problem 3. Objectives of the study 4. Significance of the study 5. Research Questions 6. Research Hypothesis 7. Scope and Limitation of the study 8. Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† . 1An Overview of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 2. Cost-Volume-Profit Limitations 3. Break-Even Analysis A Traditional View of the Cost-Volume-Profit Relation 4. Graphical Approach to break-even Analysis 5. Formular method of finding break point 6. The multi- product cost-volume-profit analysis 7. Decision making function 8. Other tools for decision making and control CHAPTER THREE 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 3. 1Sources of data 2. Primary sources of data 1. Personal/Oral interview 2. Questionnaire method 3. Secondary sources of data 4. Population and sample size determination 5. Method of data collection 6. Method of validating the instrument 7. Method of data analysis CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 4. 1Preliminary information 2. Data analysis 3. Testing and interpretation of hypothesis CHAPTER FIVE 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF â€Å"COST VOLUME PROFIT ANALYSIS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING† 5. 1Summary of findings 2. Conclusions . 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Management Incentives To Intangible Assets -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Incentives To Intangible Assets? Answer: Introducation a)Research and development expenditure are undertaken by the company to generate more revenue. They are mostly part of the technological innovations and are associated with bringing improvements in the already existing system. There is very thin line that differentiates research and development activities. Nowadays the companies mostly treat these expenditures together and are allocated under the same head of accounting. The major difference between the two is that research expenses are treated as operating costs and are not capitalised. And in case of development expenses they are capitalised and then amortized (Drucker, 2017). The main logic behind the same is that development expenses helps in bringing a new asset into existence. There is some sort of development of an identifiable asset that can be used in the future by the company. For example, designing of a new product by the company is a development cost. And the cost that the company incurs to get knowledge about the competi tor in the market is a research cost. In the given case study, we see that the company is incurring cost to bring into existence a new product i.e. a computer that will solve its many issues. It will help in summarising of the work that was previously done manually. Hence, it is a new product that the company is developing and is spending $100000 for the creation of the project. It will be treated as development cost (Demski, 2017) b)In the given case study, as mentioned in the above answer, the cost that the company will bear for the creation of the new computer, will be development cost. A new product is coming into existence; hence it cannot be treated as operating expenses. The company needs to capitalise the said cost with the total cost of the new asset. The total monies spent by the company for the new computer should be added to the total cost of the computer and then it should be amortised down the years (Smith, 2017). This is the standard procedure that the company must follow while accounting for development costs. Research costs must be treated as operating expenses and must be shown in the income statement of the company. In case of the research expenditure there is a lot of uncertainty involved in the total revenue that the company might gain from the research activities undertaken by it. In case of development expenditure the company can ascertain the revenue that the new asset being developed wi ll fetch, thus it is easier to capitalise that cost. In the same way in case of the given company, it was easier to ascertain the revenue that the new computer will fetch to the company. Thus those costs must be capitalised and added to the total cost of the asset. The same must be amortised during the useful year of the asset live. That is the major difference between research and development expenses that is born by a company and this is the manner in which it should be accounted by the accounts team (Masquefa, Gallhofer Haslam, 2017) a)The total cost of the product that Large mart will sell o the UNE will be calculated by taking into consideration the development cost that was incurred by the company for the creation of the new project. The cost of goods sold is the total costs that a company can directly attribute to the production of the specific product. In the given case we see that the development cost that the company incurred for the project was directly attributable to the cost of the software hence the same will be added to the total cost of production of the CDs. The total cost of goods sold will be the total cost of production of the CDs plus the development costs that the company incurred. In case the UNE is considering to purchase the rights of the development of the software from the company. Then in that case also the development cost will be added to the total cost of the software rights, because the company needs to capitalise the same in every which way possible. This is the method by which the company will calculate the total cost of the goods sold to the university. The university will charge no money from the students and will give them the CDs as freebies (Russell, 2017). b) There are two cases that are mentioned hereunder. The first case in which the company is selling the software in 25CDs to the UNE, and the other one in which the company is selling the right to use the software to the University. In the first case, there is a sale of service and in the second case there is sale of the use of technical knowhow by the company. The same shall be regarded as in the books of account in the same manner. The sale of CDs will be recorded as sale of services under the income statement, and the sale of rights of the software will be recorded as sale of technical know (Elnasri Fox, 2017).Both the revenues are taxable as per the specified laws under the relevant acts of taxation. The revenue recognition criteria need to be followed while recording such revenues for tangible and intangible assets. These intangible assets must be identifiable, it must be in control of the company and it must be of some economic benefit to the company. Same in the case of the g iven company Landmark, the right to use the software is an intangible asset for the company. The company will recognise the sale of the same as the sale of an intangible asset in the income statement of the company. This is the manner in which the company will recognise both the options that the university is offering the company (Castilla-Polo Gallardo-Vzquez, 2016) References: Castilla-Polo, F., Gallardo-Vzquez, D. (2016). The main topics of research on disclosures of intangible assets: a critical review. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 29(2), 323-356 Demski, J. S. (2017). Accounting and economics. The new palgrave dictionary of economics, 1-6 Drucker, P. F. (2017). The Theory of the Business (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press,U.S.A Elnasri, A., Fox, K. J. (2017). The contribution of research and innovation to productivity. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 47(3), 291-308 Masquefa, B., Gallhofer, S., Haslam, J. (2017). Developing appreciation of micro-organizational processes of accounting change and indicating pathways to more Enabling Accountingin a micro-organizational domain of research and development. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 44, 59-82 Russell, M. (2017). Management incentives to recognise intangible assets.Accounting Finance, 57(S1), 211-234 Smith, M. (2017). Research methods in accounting. Sage, Fourth edition.

Product Costing

Introduction Production of goods and services involves the use of costs which are directly incurred in the production process and production overhead. Direct production costs comprise of labor, hours used in the production process, machining hours, and cost of raw material among others. Production overheads are the indirect costs incurred during a production process.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Product Costing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The production overheads arise from support services offered in the main department. Examples are canteen cost, service bay costs, administration expenses, sales and marketing, and rent among others. The units of output produced should be charged with the total cost of production incurred. There are various approaches that can be used to charge the production costs to units of output produced. The most common approaches are arbitrage costing, absorption costing and marg inal costing (Vanderbeck 2008). This treatise carries out a comprehensive review of absorption costing. It explains the approach, its strengths and weaknesses and finally gives recommendations to the Welsh Government on continuation of the use of the method in the public sector. Absorption costing and key assumptions Generally, absorption costing traces both the fixed and variable costs of production of the product. In using this approach, a share of the fixed cost of production is allocated to each product. This share is added together with the direct cost of production for each individual product to obtain the total or the full cost of producing a unit of output. The fixed costs are assigned using the overhead absorption rates. Absorption costing goes through three key distinct stages these are allocation, apportionment and absorption. There are various types of absorption costing. These are job order costing, process costing and ABC costing. Under job order costing, the cost of p roduction is assigned to products in lots or batches. It is suitable for production processes where goods are produced in lots such as printing and manufacturing of furniture among others. Under process costing, the cost of production is methodically allocated to the product. Example is the production of soft drinks or oil. Finally, ABC costing is suitable for a firm which produces a number of products with varying volumes. The ultimate aim of absorption costing is to include in the total cost of a product an appropriate share of the company’s total overhead (Tulsian 2007). An appropriate share denotes the average of the amount of time and effort used in producing a unit of output. One key assumption of the absorption costing approach is that it suppose that consumers and producers are insensitive to price of the product thus pricing of the firm does not affect the decision to purchase. Consumers will purchase the commodities produced at the quoted price. This violates the la w of demand and it’s unrealistic because in a competitive market, consumer and producers are sensitive to changes in price (Jawahar-Lal 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Absorption costing as a means of cost control As mentioned above, absorption costing assign the direct cost of production and production overheads to the cost centers. Therefore, all cost incurred in an organization is accounted for. Assigning of production overhead to each cost center makes managers more accountable and responsible for managing costs in their departments. Besides, they have to operate within the budgets provided since variations from the budgeted values affect the absorption rates used in allocating the cost. Therefore, absorption costing makes management be more sensitive to spending in their departments (Jawahar-Lal 2009). Strengths and weaknesses of absorption costing for ma nagement Just like any other process, absorption costing has a number of strengths and weaknesses. One key advantage is that it makes use of fixed cost of production when computing the cost per unit of output. Therefore, the management is able to view the total cost associated with producing a product. Secondly, the method is consistent with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles therefore, the results of absorption costing helps the management to prepare the financial reports. Absorption costing helps management in the valuation of stock. The International Accounting Standards (IAS) require that inventory should be valued either at the lower of the costs of the net realizable value. Further, absorption costing is consistent with the accrual and matching concept of accounting. These principles require matching of costs to revenue in a given accounting period. Absorption costing necessitates this. Results of absorption costing provides the costs required to bring the goods to i ts useable state. Therefore, once cost is estimated the management will be able to estimate the price of the goods. Absorption costing helps in estimating the total costs incurred in bringing the goods to its use value. Further, results of absorption costing helps in pricing of goods and services. It is because, most management estimates the prices as a mark up of the costs. The difference between these costs and prices yields profits to the management. Use of absorption costing helps in estimating profit arising from the production of a unit of output. The results of absorption costing does not depend on fluctuation in sales. That is, the results are the same during off peak and peak season. This helps management maintain a consistent cost schedule throughout the year. Further, absorption costing evades the separation of fixed and variable costs as in the case of variable costing. Finally, the allocation of production overheads to cost centers helps management to control, be inform ed and in charge of services offered to another department in a company (Drury 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Product Costing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A major drawback of this approach is that it does not give accurate results. It is for the reason that allocation, apportionment and absorption of costs using this approach is based on budgeted values. These values are arrived at after taking into account operations of the previous years and future plans of the company. However, business environment does change. Therefore, there is a tendency that the budgeted values would not be exactly the same as the actual values. This causes variance which calls for adjustments at year end. Further, absorption costing ignores cost volume profit relationship. This relationship is quite significant in decision making. Management has to seek other methods which can be useful in decision making such as marginal c osting technique (Debarshi 2011) Recommendation to Welsh Government Public sector commonly provides goods and services to the citizens. Most of the public sectors do not directly deal with production of goods or rather are not in the manufacturing sector. It is worth noting that absorption costing is commonly used in the manufacturing sector. However, public sector and other institutions offering services are using the same idea in estimating costs of services. For instance, in a learning government institution, the costing process entails identifying the resources available in the institution (such as number of employees and assets), identifying the products (such as courses, research papers), identifying the activities (such as library, admission and course activities), assign the resources costs to the activities, link the activities to the products using cost drivers (such as staff, students and space), and finally make a report on the cost per product (Caplan 2012). Therefore, it is evident that the public sector uses the idea of absorption costing in their pricing decisions. The method is very appropriate for the public sector since it shows the full costs of offering the goods and services to the public. This element is of utmost significance in the public sector because in most cases, government the government is majorly concerned with the cost of provision of the public goods and not the profits that arise from the provision of such goods. Therefore, a method costing that would provide the full cost of a provide is much important. The full cost of goods and services enables the government to provide adequate funding for the production or provision of the goods and services. The Welsh Government should continue with the use of absorption costing in the public sector organization. This approach facilitates preparation the government budget (Rajasekaran Lalitha 2011). A brief presentation on absorption costing outlining the key points In conclusion, abs orption costing is a way of assigning the direct cost of production and overheads to the unit of output produced. The method provides a full cost of the product which is very essential in budgeting. The method assigns costs of production to the units of output produced using three steps these are allocating, apportionment of the costs and absorption of costs.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various ways of assigning costs using absorption costing, this depends on the output produced. One key assumption that is implied in the computation of the unit cost of a product is that the consumers and producers are price insensitive that is, they purchase the goods at the prices offered. This assumption is of less significance to the public sector since their main intention is the provision of goods and services and not profit making. The method would be beneficial to the Welph Government in a number of ways. First, it will enable the government to have the full cost of provision of goods and services to the public. The information is significant in the preparation of the government annual budget. Secondly, the method is consistent with the government reporting framework. Therefore, there will be no inconsistencies or need for adjustments when using the approach. Finally, the method helps various heads of the public sector to manage the costs in their respective instit utions. It is because they will be allocated funds as per the budget. The method has a number of weaknesses. First, it is not accurate since it uses budgets. These are estimates which arise from previous budgets and future plans. The government of Welph should consider using the approach in the public institutions. Apart from the use of absorption costing method, the government can also consider using other methods of allocating costs such as direct method, reciprocal approach and step down method. The government can also use marginal costing among others. Therefore, the Welph government should choose the most appropriate method of allocating cost depending on the nature of the services provided by each sector and the aim of the government. References Debarshi, B 2011, Management accounting, Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd., South Asia. Caplan D 2012, Product costing and cost allocation. Web. Drury, C 2008, Management and cost accounting, South Western Cengage Learning, Canada. Jawahar- Lal, A 2009, Cost accounting, McGraw-Hill Company Limited, New Delhi. Rajasekaran, V Lalitha, R 2011, Cost accounting, Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd., South Asia. Tulsian, P 2007, Cost accounting, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. Vanderbeck, E 2008, Principles of cost accounting, Thomson Learning, Inc., Canada. This report on Product Costing was written and submitted by user Mohamed M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Universe Essays (1255 words) - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang

The Universe Essays (1255 words) - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang The Universe It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireballan extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Therefore, the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model seems more reasonable than the Steady State model. The second observational evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left over from the original violent explosion of the primeval fireball in the past. The primeval fireball would have sent strong shortwave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that radiation would spread out, cool, and fill the expanding universe uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation. In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the sky, day and night, all year.3 And so it appears that astronomers have detected the fireball radiation that was produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on the Steady State model. The Steady State could not explain the existence of this radiation, so the model cannot best explain the beginning of the universe. Since the Big Bang model is the better model, the existence and the future of the universe can also be explained. Around 15 to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on the principles of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and the matter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos, where events happen randomly, in a state called quantum weirdness.4 Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34 degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For an extremely brief and short period, billionths of billionths of a second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the universe may have a diameter of a few centimetres. The temperature had cooled enough for particles of matter and antimatter to form, and they instantly destroy each other, producing fire and a thin haze of matter-apparently because slightly more matter than antimatter was formed.5 The fireball, and the smoke of its burning, was the universe at an age of trillionth of a second. The temperature of the expanding fireball dropped rapidly, cooling

In what way and with what kind of strategic choice does the Apple Inc Assignment

In what way and with what kind of strategic choice does the Apple Inc. use to entry into the Nigerian market - Assignment Example Moreover, its establishment into the international computer market brought further success to the company. Apple is significantly known for its iPod, iPad, iPhone, iTunes etc. The company has also manufactured revolutionary OSX operating systems and Mac Laptops (ERGONOMICS, 2013). In the late December 2012, Apple Inc. made a significant entrance into the Nigerian Computer Market as per its international expansion strategy. There are certain variables which drives the company’s successful expansion strategies simultaneously increasing its market share while successfully competing with competitors. Apple Inc. provides remarkable services to its users in Nigeria apart from the wide range of products. These services include support programs on how to use Apple products, manuals provided by the company so as to troubleshoot the problems associated with any of the sold items, technical guidance and system specifications, downloading options of latest software and updates for existing programs and most significantly it provides community facility to its users which enables them to share and discus their ideas and issues with other Apple users (SUPPORT, 2013). This paper aims to critically discuss and evaluate the strategic approach used by Apple Inc. so as to enter into the Nigerian Market. Additionally, it will highlight the reasons for the company’s international expansion and its historical performance throughout the world. Apple Inc. has one of the finest and most advanced range of computers which enables the company to successfully run its strategic activities all over the globe, and therefore these products along with the services shall be discussed. Moreover, the company’s market share and competitive position within the industry shall be analyzed. Whenever a multinational corporation enters into a comparatively new market it has certain reasons and underlying causes for its

Worldcultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Worldcultures - Essay Example In fact, some of their great architectural works still stand strong in major towns and cities across the globe. However, one is left wondering whether the modern architectural works would withstand the test of time and last long as the structures build in the ancient Rome. The great work of the Romans can still be seen and emulated because of the superior architectural ideas and engineering skills they used and the kind of reputation they built put of their great work that certainly made them conquer the world, influence and rule it for this long. Jenkins reveals that the Romans did their architectural works with a lot of dedication and professionalism with the aim of producing a useful architecture3. To ensure that this is accomplished, they ensured that thorough planning was done before starting any construction works. It is for this reason that buildings, bridges, marketplaces, cities and harbors contracted by the Romans are still admirable to much architecture to date and are adopting their styles in the construction according to Jenkins4. Brown notes that the Romans employed different styles in their building, which influenced many architectural pieces5. The arch is a perfect example, which is a structure made using a mixture of the bricks, stone, and concrete. The arch was meant to give strength to or support buildings. The arches were mainly blocks, which are wedge-shaped and were to be supported using wooden materials during construction. The arches created by the ancient Romans were very strong and could withstand a lot of weight. To ensure that this is so, they used a mixture of volcanic sand and lime to create a strong and durable concrete. The strong concretes made from these mixtures were then be used to build strong and beautiful structures like the aqueducts used for supplying water to the major cities as noted by Brown6. Immediately after this remarkable accomplishment, other

Questions on Program Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation Essay

Questions on Program Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation - Essay Example Public goods are very good example of market failure. Market failure exists when the production or use of goods and services by the market is not efficient. It leads to the free rider problem. Causian solution is a very fair solution to this problem. It is a mechanism by which the potential beneficiaries of a public band together and pool their band together and pool their resources based on their willingness to pay to create the public good. Me rover if the transaction cost between the beneficiaries are sufficiently low then an adequate level of public good production can occur even under competitive free market condition. Q.2 what are the essential elements of the classical experimental design (CED) in evaluation research Define the concept "threat to validity," and identify the threats to validity which a classical experiment does and does not address. Sol. evaluation is a systematic determination of merit, worth, and significance of something. it someone using criteria using a set of standards it is a methodological area than is closely related to, but distinguishable from more traditional social research while the design of experiments is a theory concerning minimum number of experiments necessary to develop an empirical model of a research question and methodology for setting up the necessary experiments. There are various elements of classical experimental design related to research evaluation research such as replications, variations, internal validity, and reproducibility. Concept of validity: the validity of study reflects the accuracy of the results. Matter of validity can bring complexity. So the principal concerns of validity should be straightforward and its consideration is very necessary in every evaluation. Validity can be classified as internal and external validity. Empirical there are too many problem that needs t o be solved experimentally or by observations. Different research designs are susceptible to various types of validity threats such as the common pre/post design. However it is not valid for what we know as malnutrition effect .another common threat to validity is knows as history effects. It is different from that of malnutrition effects. Selection effects, mortality effects and threats to external validity are next in the cue. These above are the threats to validity that a classical experiment does addresses Q.3 Describe the steps in the "prospective evaluation" methodology recommended by the GAO. Address the question, Should all new public programs or policies be subjected to prospective evaluation Sol. GAO has developed the PES as a systematic method for fulfilling congressional request for analyzing proposed legislation and helping and helping identify top-priority

Human Resource Management at Coca Cola

Human Resource Management at Coca Cola Coca-Cola the worlds largest selling soft drink manufacturer came to India for the second time in 1993 revitalizing the Indian soft drink market. Coca-Cola was Indias leading soft drink until 1977 when it was kicked out of India after a new Janata Government ordered the company to turn over its secrets formula for Coca-Cola and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act(FERA). The company refused to oblige the government and preferred to leave the country in 1993. After maintain the government liberalization policy they got back in late 1993. Since, 1993, Coca-Cola India has made significant investments to build and continually consolidate its business in the country including new production facilities, waste water treatment plants, distribution systems and marketing channel. Dabur is a leading consumer goods company, having subsidiary companies and 13 manufacturing plants. It operates in nearly 50 countries, making it an Indian multinational company. The vision of Dabur is stated as Dedicated to health and well being of every household. There is no specific stated mission statement but a statement of strategic intent having several elements for instance: Developing a platform to become a global ayurvedic leader. Synthesising knowledge of ayurvedic and herbs with modern science to develop natural solution for meeting the health and personal care needs. Strategy is the determination of direction of the organization in which it is going in relation to its business environment. That is it is the process of defining intention and allocating and matching resources in order to obtain opportunities and needs undergoes achieve strategic fit among them. The main purpose of the business is to achieve competitive advantages. The strategic capability of the organization is the necessary elements of the effective development and implementation of strategy. HRM practice in any organization, there are three model (High performance management, High commitment management and High involvement management) among them any one can be practiced because according to Becker et al(1997), rightly suggested that What works well in one organization will not necessarily work well in another because it may not fit with its strategy, management style, organizational practicing culture and so on. So the concerning organizations of HRM study of Coca Cola and Dabur in India and considering their Struggling circumstance leads to appraise High performance Management Practice and its rational implication. High performance Management: High performance working involves the development of a number of a interrelated process that together make an impact on the performance of the firm through people in such areas as productivity, quality, levels of customer service, Growth, Profits and ultimately increase the stakeholder and shareholder value. This can be achieved by: Increasing the Employees Skills Enthusiastic engagement of Employee (Stevens, 1998) High performance management practice includes rigorous recruitment and selection procedures, extensive and relevant training and management development activities, incentive pay systems and performance management process. This strategic approach is so rational for the Coca cola and Dabur India as they suffered from low performance of the existing employees which leads their HRM to coop the recruiting fresh talent to replace the good for nothing staff(Coca cola) and to improve the existing employees offering different schemes of motivation for instance Key performance Area to specifically effective performance appraisal in Dabur India. Resource Based Approach: Resource based strategic management is base on the ideas of Penrose (1995), he suggested that a firm is an administrative organization and collection of productive resources. According to Hamel and Prahalad declared in their Resource based Strategic model that competitive advantage is obtained if a firm can obtain and develop human resources that enable the organization to learn faster and apply its learning more effectively than its rival. The benefit arising from competitive advantage based on the effective management of people is that such an advantage is hard to copy by the rival companies. An organizational HR strategic policy and strategy is the blend of process, procedure, personalities of employees and employers, management style, capabilities and organizational culture. Among them on of the keys to competitive advantage is the ability to differentiate what the business supplies to its customers from what is supplied by its competitors. Such differentiation can be achieved th rough having aHR strategy and policy which ensure that The firm has higher quality of people than its competitors The unique intellectual capital possessed by the business is developed and nurtured The organization learning process is encouraged Organization specific value and culture exist which bind organization together and give it focus. (Purcell et al, 2003) The purpose of the resource based HRM strategy id to improve resource capability achieving strategic fit between resources and opportunities and obtaianing added value from the effective deployment of resources. Problems in Coca Cola: As the coca Cola operated its business in competitive business market like in India where competitive rivalry is so highly sensitive. So that after merging with two companies Coca-Cola India and Coca-cola beverage brought 10,000 employees more which made double the number of employees it had in 1998. Though the employees are human capital but improper management of the human resource may raise the ineffective performance which had to face Coca-Cola in North India disruption in march 2000. As the performance of any organization depends on the environment and culture of the organization where they are work with other people so that merging of two company of different culture made massively disoriented culture of work practice not necessarily reduced performance but also tends to regionalization because after merging Hierarchy of the organization was quietly changed based on the Six different regions and every Regional manager are the head of the Region. So that merging caused the dilution of several central jobs and this forced to retire about 1500 of employees at bottling plant. The new line of control strengthened entry among the employees and midd level jobs at the regions and downgraded many at the centre. This lead to unrest among the employee and about 40 junior and middle-level managers and some of them are senior personnels. Solution: The aims of a resource-based approach is to improve resource capability achieving strategic fit between resources and opportunities and obtaining added value from the effective deployment of resources. In the perspective of Coca-cola case study it would be preferable to advice under the crisis moment when four companies merge together and chaos came out . In such circumstances it should be better to adopt resource base approach to better utilization of the existing huge resources as well as maintaining organization culture practical and outstanding. In the other hand in case of Dabur india it can be said that beside the resource based strategy it would be better to emphasize on the High Performance base management strategy to improve the competency of the workforce after all to become competitive business icon . In accordance with the case it has been seen that as the Dabur India is not extensive business resource owner, so that it is so wise to cope with High Performance base management and simultaneously resource based approach as well because resource must be adopt in the strategy of the company to gain better performance. Task 2: The total concept of strategic HRM is envisage on the belief that HR strategies should be integrated with corporate or business strategies. Strategic integration is necessary to provide similarity between business and human resource strategy so that the latter supports the accomplishment of the former and indeed, helps to define it. The aim is to provide strategic fit and consistency between the policy goals of human resource management and the business. (Integrated HRM,2010) There are numerous logical acquaintances and topic subsist stuck between corporate tactics and human resource (HR) strategies. One of the association is the portfolio theory that stand for market growth rate as a purpose alongside relative market share whilst get used to HR strategies and policies based on changing conditions. A further relationship is the value chain which encourage innovation, service quality, responsiveness, and describe the positions for precise businesses. The connection also treats human resources as a significant factor in deceiving business rivalry on an in progress basis. Themes that centred on relation between HR strategy and corporate strategy which are identity, emergence , turbulence ownership and structure as well. The corporate strategy will be found difficulty in action level unless HR strategy will not cope with the goal of the corporate strategy. Coca-Cola and Strategic Alignment: Coca-cola in India decided to get change as a change in corporate strategy by merging of its four bottling operations (Hindustan Coca-Cola, Bottling North west, Hindustan Bottling Coca-Cola Bottling South West, Bharat Coca-Cola North East and Bharat Coca-Cola South East) and two new companies Coca-Cola India ,the corporate and marketing office and Coca-Cola Beverages in 1998. But after merging of four companies of different region of India made massy in working culture which made a significance issue of Human Resource at the Company. The state of cultural discoordination was experienced due to the gap of corporate strategy and interpretation of HR strategy. That emerges the condition experienced after mergers different work culture and different value system After merging Coca Coal had huge employees which was more than the resource operation therefore had to accept the cost reduction drive on the human resources front not only that many executives who were provided accommodation in farm house were asked to shift to less expensive apartments. Also company decided not to buy or hire new cars as it felt that the existing fleet of cars was not being used efficiently. In Dabur India, in the fiscal 1998, 75% of Daburs turnover had come from fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) and they were not progressing as they wished to.Buoyed by this , the Burman family formulated a new vision in 1999 with an aim to make Dabur Indias best FMCG company by 2004 as corporate strategy. Solution: As the company merges its different bottling operations and obtaining huge human resources (40,000 employees to Coca-Cola doubling the number of employees it had in 1998) under a single umbrella which reflect huge cultural disorientation in the organization as well as distribution of power in the management level felt to change. So that HR introduced hierarchy of that company and divided whole country of operation into six region and each region have got Regional general manager under him one regional functional manager who will report regional general manager. Beside that all Regional manager have to report the VP (Operation) who will report to CEO. To mitigate the organizational cultural chaos and as part of restructure plan , Coca-cola took a strategy level decision to turn itself into a people driven company and to motivate and restore good working cultural environment to inculcate a feeling of belonging, the company gave flowers and cards on the birthdays of the employees and major festivals. All these were the sign of strategic alignment of HR and Corporate strategy (Business goal and therefore merging and cost reduction) and restructuring from HR and establishing organization culture. Due to the problem in business profit and slow progression of Dabur India, HR recruited CEO as an advice from the company hired consultant (Mckinsey) and restructured the organizational hierarchy to meet the organizational objectives such as Customer satisfaction, increased sales and reduce cost, cycle time efficiencym return on investment and shareholder value. And Dabur India tried to makes solution by aligning corporate strategy and HR strategy to meet the organizational objectives Task 3: It has been suggested by Richardson and Thompson(1999) that strategy, whether it is an HR strategy or any other kind of management strategy must have two key elements: there must be strategic objectives, things the strategy is supposed to achieve and ther must be a plan of action,the means by which it is proposed that the objectives will be met. Business Internal HR Strategic Plans HR Implementation Mission External The traditional believe that strategy formulation is a formal, logical, systematic and sequential process. Figure: The sequential approach to formulating HR strategy. A methodology for it was proposed by Dyer and Holder(1998) as follows: Assess feasibility: From an HR point of view, feasibility depends on whether the numbers and types of key people required to make the proposal successes can be obtained on a timely basis and at a reasonable cost. Determine desirability: Examine the implication of strategy in terms of sacrosanct HR policies. Determine goal: These indicate the main issues to be worked on. Decide means of achieving goals: The general rule is that the closer the external and internal fit, the better the strategy, consistent with the need to adapt flexibly to change. Implementing HR Strategies: Strategies tend to be expressed as abstractions but they must be translated into programmes with clearly stated objectives and deliverable. Strategy is traditionally the heart of the human resource managers strategic job. Top management formulate the companys corporate and competitive strategies. Then, manager design strategies, policies and practice that make sense in term of companys corporate and competitive strategies. Human resource management supports strategy execution in other ways. For example, Downsizing and restructuring efforts, out placing employee, cutting pay for performance plans, reducing health care cost and retraining employee. Problems: In Coca-Cola India as they were merged among their different companies therefore that carried forward the employees from different work cultures and different value system. This move towards regionalization which caused dilution of several central jobs with as many as 1500 employees retiring at the bottling plants. Not only that the new line of control strengthened entry and middle level jobs at the regions and downgraded many at the centre. This led to unrest among the employees and about 4o junior and middle level managers and some senior personnel. Dabur India found itself significantly lacking in some critical areas . While Daburs price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio was less than 24, for most of others it was more than 40. The net working capital of Dabur was awhopping Rs. 2.2 billion whereas it was less than half of this figure for the others. Even the return on net worth was round 24% for Dabur as against HLL 52% and Colgates 34%. Solution: Coca-Cola introduced a strategy level decision to turn itself into people driven company to make sense of belongingness within the employees. Moreover, the company introduced a detailed career planning system for over 530 managers in the new set up. The system included talent development meeting at regional and functional levels, following which recommendation were made to the HR council. The council then approved and implemented the process through a central HR team. In Dabur India, to comply with the organizational set objectives, HR introduced a new policy of Performance appraisal where their objective were to Get and make strategy based on the concept that the facts of appraisal had to shift to what a person had achievd , as much as on what he was capable of. Task 4: HR Strategy for a Merger: To develop a successful HR strategy for a merger, the responsible HR organization require timely access to all relevant information. Ideally, HR participates in the evaluation of the potential merger candidate and has an opportunity to perform HR due diligence prior to the merger when the technologies, customers, market and finance are being evaluated. A common double handicap often arise during this phase: First, the HR organization of the acquiring company is often not involved in the evaluation until after a decision for merger has been made, HR is the tasked with executing the merger and handling all HR transactions.(Picot, G. 2002,) Second, merger candidates rarely fully disclose details personnel data, with all its strength and awareness. HR management is therefore often faced with major challenge of developing an HR integration strategy without having a complete overview of all the facts. An effective way to address this situation is to form an HR integration team that bring together HR professionals from both companies as early as possible. This will enable the acquiring company to quickly gain a sound understanding of the HR potential for the merger. Joint HR team can also develop a joint strategy for addressing the changes that every merger inevitably produce when organizational entities are merged or eliminated to optimise responsibilities and capacities. There are two elements dominate the development of an HR strategy: Competence management and cultural management. According to Gut-Villa (1997), describes the four main roles of HR professionals in terms of acquiring or mergers strategy: Strategic partner for top management Administrative expert for personnel administration Employee champion for the needs of employees Change agent for transformation process. Difficulties: Four CEO s within 7 years indicating the instability on strategic level of the Coca-Cola and arch rival Pepsi being stepped forward due to organizational incofidence with their Human Resources and also their key operating strategy, not only that reputation become tarnished to the public which was revealed by the media. All of this accumulated Coca-Cola had to count huge loss $ 52 million in 1999. Due to the merging of companys and huge employees of different regions made the organization in a moment of crisis as the different cultures are mixed in a same place and also management needed to be change in order to have had organizational goal achievement. Solution: The Coca-Cola in India had to go in for a massive restructuring exercise focusing on the companys human resources to ensure a smooth acceptance of the merger and therefore launched six regional basis hierarchy topping a CEO and other motivational approach of belongingness from employees. Task 5: The most popular selection technique in practice are: Interviews: Interviewing is universally popular as aselection tool. According to Torrington et al(2002) interview as a controlled conversation with apurpose but this broad definition encompasse a wide diversity of practice.But over the years have received a relatively bad press as being overly subjective and prone to bias to interviewer aand therefore unreliable predictors of future performance and such criteria are possibly applicable for unstructured interview. There are different type of structured interview but they have common features (Anderson and Shakleton, 1993) The interaction is standardised as much as possible All candidates are asked the same series of questions Replies are rated by the interviewer on preformatted rating scales Dimension for rating are derived from critical aspect of on-the-job behaviour. Another two popular structured interview technique are behavioural (questions are focused on the past behaviour)and situational interview (uses the hypothetical questions like what would you do if you had to deal with a team member who was uncooperative) Telephone Interviewing: The use of telephone interview ing is increasing. The CIPD recruitment survey (CIPD ,2005a) found that 30 percent of all organizations and 45 percent of organization in private sector services use telephone interview as part of these selection process. Telephone interviews used to screen out unsuitable applicants or as an integral part of the selection process (IRS, 2005) Tests: Testing is essentially an attempt to achieve objectivity or to put it more accurately to reduce subjectivity in selection decision making (Lewis, 1985). The type of test used for selection are ability and aptitude test s, intelligence tests and personality questionnaires. Ability test s are concerned with skills and abilities already acquired by an individual where aptitude test focus on an individual potential to undertake specific tasks. Difficulties: As the Coca-Cola merged, there were vast changed took place due to restructuring strategy from HR and to comply with the corporate strategy as a part of cost reduction lots of employee needed to laid off. In Dabur, due to companys lack of expectancy and fulfilment of strategic objectives they had to passed a critical time intervention where they felt a hire of an expert to give strategic vision and guide. Solution: Coca-Cola introduced the laying off strategy to meet the corporate strategy. Dabur India hired Mckinsey Co. at a cost of Rs. 80 million. Mckinseys three fold recommendation were: to concentrate on a few business, to improve the supply chain and procurement process and to reorganize the appraisal and compensation systems. And also according to the advice of Mckensey need of CEO, Daburs recruit a CEO which was the first incident of an outside professional being appointed after the restructuring was put in place Task 6: There are three phase of evaluation of performance appraisal as enlisted below: Performance Management based phase Improving Current Performance Phase Development of Individual phase 1. Performance Management based phase: In this phase, there are two main reasons : either as system to control employees or in order to provide data about employees so that benefits(salary increment and other rewards, promotion, transfer, e.t.c.) can be awarded on a more or less systematic and equitable basis. This system emphasized on control through report generation which are often confidential and not shown to the employee being reviewed being produced annually on all employees and which was kept in their personal life. This system relied on heavily on rating performance usually on predetermined numerical scale and used for gathering information about the potential of employees. The operation such system involved burdensome paper work, time and were often not truly representative of effective performance but which might be done to improve performance either by individual or by the organization. 2. Improving Current Performance Phase: The primary approach in this phase so as to change the way in which employees do their jobs. The emphasis putting on: Reviewing previous performance and result for a given period of time against the plans and commitments generated at a previous appraisal Jointly identifying opportunities and needs for improved performance on the part of the employee, and increasing support for other employees and the organization Agreeing performance standards and the ways they will be monitored and assessed. Identifying significant constraints and obstacles to task implementation and planning ways of coping with these. 3. Development of Individual Phase: This phase focused on providing an opportunity to reflect upon professional practice in a structured way, identifying the training and development needs of individual and groups and seeking to provide opportunities for job and career discussions and counselling. Typically they start by revising the role and job content of the employee and analysing what skills and abilities are needed to meet these and then identifying a=what additional or increased capabilities are required to produce an acceptable outcome. However these system excellent interviewing and interpersonal skills for the employee and the manager. Employee Development: Employee development cultivates employees in line with organization, departmental,and work group needs. According to Nadler(1979), Employee development is concerned with preparing employees so that they can move with the organization as it develops, change and grows. Employee development is not always directly tied to observable, behavioural change. It cultivates individuals so tat their organization and work group collectively possess the competencies essential to meet present responsibilities and prepare for future attempt of the organization by the employee. The objectives for employee development can be achieved through following method: Long-term, informal mentoring programs Long-term, formal mentoring programs. Long-term, formalized transfer or exchange programs across organizations, divisions, departments, work units. Short-term rotation programs Special job assignments Action learning projects Field trips Professional conference Behaviour modelling Think tank experience. (Willium, J. 2003) Employee Reward System: An employee reward system consist of an organizations integrated policies, process and practices for rewarding its employees in accordance with their contribution, skill and competence and their market worth. It is developed within the framework of the organizations reward philosophy, strategies and policies. There are several elements in employee reward system including Base pay,Contingent pay, Allowances, Total earnings, employee benefits, total remuneration, Non-financial rewards. (Armstrong, M.,2004) . Decisions about pay increase are often critical ones in the relationship between employees, their managers and the organization. Individuals express expectation about their pay and about how much of an increase received by other employees. There are several ways to determine pay increase: Performance, seniority, cost of living adjustments, across the board increases and lump sum increase. These methods can be used separately or in combination. Performance-Based Increases: A growing number of employers have shifted to more pay for performance philosophy and startegies. Consequently, they have adopted various means to provide employees with performance based increases. There are several types of performance related pays: Payment by result: payment depends on the values of the output of a group or an individual or out put of units per time basis. Piecework: Its depend of each unit of output. This is the oldest category of performance pay. Organization or Plant wide incentives: This bonus pay depends on the measured quantities or value of the overall establishment output of the plant. Merit Pay: It is based on the assessment of the employees contribution to performance. Performance related pay: this payment based on the performance appraisal of an employees against the seted objectives. There are other form of performance related pay like competence based pay and profit related pay. Problems: According to Arthur Andersons team, Coca-Cola carried out a performance appraisal exercise for 560 managers. This led to resignations en- masse. Around 40 managers resigned between July and November 2000. Coca-Cola also Sacked some employees in its drive to overhaul the HR functioning. By January 2001, the company had shed 70 managers accounting for 12% of the management. Solution: To be a learning organization, Coca-Cola introduced a detailed career planning over 530 managers in the new setup. This system included talent development meetings. Efficient management trainee were to be sent to the overseas office for more responsible position. In order to motivate the employee as well as media rumour, Coca-Colas CEO took step to ensure a smooth relationship with the new people in the company. He personally met the finance heads in every territory and made the companys policy plan clear to them. To meet the corporate objectives HR changed the performance appraisal system and to increase employee satisfaction level, Dabur identified certain key performance areas(KPAs) for each employee where performance appraisal and compensation planning were now based on KPAs and employee training was also given a renewed focus, As a facts of motivation Dabur introduced Daburs employee friendly initiatives included annual sales conferences at places like Mauritius . These conferences, attended by over hundred sales executives of the company, combined both work and play aspects for better employee morale and performance. Task 7: Learning Organization: A learning organization is one that continually improve by rapidly creating and refining the capabilities required for future success(Wick and Leon,1995). According to Senge, Learning organization is that where people continually expand their capacity to create the result they truly desire where new and expansive pattern of thinking are nurtured where collective aspiration is set free and where people are continually learning how to learn together. Kandola and Fullerton (1994) proposed a model which reflects the importance of the learning organization and its rational practice in business: Shared Vision: It enables the organization to identify, respond to and benefit from future opportunity. Empowering management: Empoewering the managers and employees in varied extent improve the performance. Enabling structure: organizational structure and its related knowledge aware the employees about their duties and responsibilities according to their hierarchy or organizational structure. Supportive culture : which reveals the expression of the employees, opinion ship, liberty in speech may be the practice of the organization which make the culture of the favourable working organization. Motivated workforce: Learning organization is to learn employess how to be knowledgeable about their right and wants to learn continuously. Enhanced learning: process and policies exist to encourage learning amongst all employees. Knowledge Management: Knowledge management is any process or practice of creating, acquiring , capturing. Sharing and using knowledge, wherever it resides, to enhance learning and performance in organizations(Scarborouogh Swan and Preston,1999). Knowledge management is concern with both stock and flows of knowledge. Stock included expertise and encoded knowledge in computer system. Flows represent the ways in which knowledge is transferred from one people to another people or from one people to data base. It involves transforming knowledge resources by identifying relevant information and then disseminating it so that learning can be take place. In practice of knowledge management the strategis promote the sharing of knowledge by linking

How Mercantilism Helped to Shape the American Nation :: American America History

How Mercantilism Helped to Shape the American Nation In the Middle Ages, the definition of wealth was based on the amount of productive land. According to this definition, France was the wealthiest and therefore the most powerful of the European nations. During the sixteenth century the definition of wealth began to change. As the ability to conduct profitable foreign trade increased, so did the amount of cash. Thus, the new definition of wealth came to mean the gain of cash or specie. Specie included gold, silver, or bullion. The wealthiest nation became the one with the most cash, and therefore, the most powerful nation. As the redefining of wealth took hold, there was an increased desire and ability to conduct foreign trade on a larger scale as cash became the new medium of exchange in contrast to bartering. Mercantilism began to take hold of the countries of Europe. Mercantilism was characterized by the governmental regulation of industries, trade, and commerce. This was especially true with foreign trade, and was determined more b y national aims rather than individual or local interests. This new quest for trade began the Age of Expansion in the early fourteen hundreds. This era ushered in a search for new sources of revenues, and focus turned toward the colonization of the New World. The Portuguese, Spanish, and English directed many efforts of colonization and development toward this new land in an attempt to establish themselves as the economic leaders of the world. As mercantilism began to change, so did the power flux of the European countries. Thus began the shaping of North America as we know it. The Age of Expansion brought many changes to medieval Europe. During this period, the countries of Europe began to look beyond their borders. In Europe, there was nowhere to grow. This being the case, the only place to turn was west. Portugal came into existence in the early 1400's. It is a small country bordered on one side by the sea, and by Spain on the other. Out of necessity the Portuguese became the masters of the sea. They began to acquire a great knowledge of the sea and advanced in navigation, sailing, and map-making. They also founded an academy of navigation in Lisbon. In the early 1400's, the Portuguese began exploratory voyages. The Portuguese wanted to establish themselves in large-scale international trade. The four things most desired by the people of Europe were spices, sugar, precious metals, and silk.

Etruscan Art

Chapter 9 THE ETRUSCANS ASSIGNMENTS/ WEEK 5 MULTIPLE CHOICE: ENCIRCLE YOUR ANSWER 1. The Etruscans shared a common linguistic heritage and religious reliefs, but they lacked which of the following? a. political cohesion b. being ruled by a king c. extensive international trade experience d. a strong navy for defense and trade 2. Which of the following allowed Etruscan society to transform itself in the 7th century BCE? a. an alliance with Republican Rome b. an alliance with Greek colonies in the South c. great mineral wealth d. a strong navy 3. The fibula excavated from the Regolini-Galassi Tomb illustrates motifs borrowed from the Orient. Which of the following is one of the Oriental motifs? a. walking lions b. standing ibexes c. she-wolf d. galloping centaurs 4. The column used on Etruscan temples is similar to which type of Greek column? a. Doric b. Ionic c. Corinthian d. Composite 5. During the sixth century BCE, Etruscans favored monumental sarcophagi that contained which of the following? a. bones of the deceased b. bones of the entire family c. ashes of the deceased d. ashes of the deceased and his or her slaves 6. The typical tomb form found at Cerveteri is which of the following? a. mausoleum b. tumulus c. tomb-shrine d. mall Etruscan house-shaped terracotta 7. Pedimental sculpture is extremely rare in Etruscan temple architecture. Normally the Etruscans placed their narrative statuary on which of the following elements? a. the peaks of the temple roof b. the double niches on the porches c. only in interior niches in the cella d. only in niches next to the entrance 8. In Etruscan iconography, which of the foll owing symbolized regeneration? a. wine b. birds c. egg d. bees 9. Unlike Greek temples, Etruscan temples were not meant to be seen as sculptural masses. Which of the following architectural elements would this? . Columns completely encircled the structure b. The entrance was centered at the front of the structure c. The front and rear of the structure were indistinguishable d. Narrowed staircases were found on all four sides of the structure 10. The sarcophagus of Lars Pulena was made in the early second century BCE. His expression was somber; although Lars Pulena is shown reclining, he is not at a festive banquet. Which of the following could account for this? a. A funeral called for gloomy behavior a. The family was Roman and did not follow Etruscan funeral practices b. It illustrated the decline in Etruscan fortunes c. It illustrated the decline in the fortune of Lars Pulena 11. Which of the following works of art illustrates how Romanized the Etruscans became in the 1st century BCE? a. Apulu Veii b. Aule Metele c. Fibula, Regolini-Galassi Tomb d. Reclining Couple Sarcophagus 12. Which of the following was a tool used by archaeologists to explore tomb interiors at Tarquinia without the expensive and time-consuming excavation process? a. periscope b. underground seismograph c. surveying local black market dealers d. careful measurement of the entire Tarquinia cemetery 13. The banquet setting seen in the Tomb of the Leopards takes place in which of the following settings? a. a palace dining room b. a private house c. the open air d. the council chambers of the king 14. The theme celebrated in both the Tomb of the Leopards and the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing is which of the following? a. the joy of life b. the gloom of death c. victory in battle d. the sorrow of death 15. The center for the bronze cista industry was located in which of the following cities? a. Rome b. Tarquinia c. Palestrina d. Veii 16. The wide, overhang roof of the Etruscan temple could function as which of the following? a. a place of shelter . a sculptural mass to be seen from all directions c. a poor copy of a Greek temple d. an ill-defined home for the priests 17. Which century marks the incorporation of Etruria into the Roman Empire? a. 1st century BCE b. 3rd century CE c. 5th century BCE d. 2nd century CE 18. How were Etruscan cemeteries arranged? a. They were arranged around a center pyramid b. They were arranged in haphazard manner c. They were arranged in an orderly manner d. There were no cemeteries, burials were allowed in the home garden of the deceased 19. Terracotta sarcophagi showing life-sized reclining figures are most typical of which of the following centuries? . 2nd century BCE b. 6th century BCE c. 1st century BCE d. 9th century BCE 20. The Etruscans preferred which the following materials for sculpture? a. marble b. gold c. terracotta d. limestone 21. Etruscan artisans particularly excelled at which of the following? a. intarsia b. marble sculpture c. weaving d. metalworking 22. Which of the following describes Etruscan art? a. It was a combination of motion and vitality b. It was a combination of stability and calm c. It was a combination of rigid frontality and symmetry d. It was a mass of cylindrical forms 23. How did the Etruscans typically bury their dead? a. on high mountaintops b. n columbaria within the city limits c. in subterranea n rooms arranged along a network of streets in a city of the dead d. in catacombs outside the city walls 24. The Apulu of Veii is made of which of the following materials? a. bronze b. terracotta c. marble d. wood 25. The wall painting in the Tomb of the Leopards portrays which of the following? a. the Roman invasion b. centaurs and lapiths c. banqueters and musicians d. funeral processions 26. Which of the following mythical scenes decorated the Ficoroni Cista? a. the Argonauts b. Medusa and Perseus c. lapiths and centaurs d. the gods versus the giants 27. Who or what is Tinia? . lady of Vulci b. Greek goddess c. an ancient cloak d. Etruscan god 28. The Etruscan temple differed from the Greek temple because it had which of the following? a. an ionic frieze b. a false porch c. no roof d. three cellas 29. The Etruscans preferred what building material(s) for their temples? a. marble b. limestone c. wood and mudbrick d. glazed brick 30. Most architectural sculpture was made to decorat e what part of the Etruscan temple? a. the sides b. the entryways c. the pediment d. the roof 31. The Etruscans became citizens of which the following in the first century BCE? a. Rome b. Perugia c. Paestum d. Athens

Free Essays on Constuction Scope

SCOPE The project is a northern extension of National Avenue, which would connect 54th Street to Benson Avenue in Sioux Falls, SD. With the nearest unblocked routes traveling north and south being I-229 to the east of the project, and Cliff Avenue to the west of the project, the National Avenue addition would allow current traffic another route. Another proponent of the road is to provide future industrial development of the land between Storm Sewer Design Procedure 1) Conduct a drainage study to determine the maximum flow for the project in order to determine design parameters. 2) Determine the size of the pipe required and the size of the inlet. 3) Determine lowest elevation along the project in order to place the inlet. 4) Make sure all elements of the design comply with current Sioux Fall design standards. 5) Prepare specifications and drawings. Sanitary Sewer Design Procedure 1) Determine the size of pipe needed to service the surrounding industrial zoned area. 2) Design the proposed sanitary sewer to match the existing inverts. 3) Make sure the size, stubs, and material of the pipe comply with current Sioux Falls industrial zoning regulations. 4) Prepare specifications and drawings. Water Main Design Procedure 1) Determine pipe sizing and the number of stubs required based on the proposed future water need along the project. 2) Make sure all elements of the design comply with current Sioux Falls design standards. 3) Prepare specifications and drawings. Street Design Procedure 1) Select a surfacing material and granular base material that has been authorized by the South Dakota Department of Transportation for use near industrialized areas. 2) Design street grades, cross sections, street alignment, and curb and gutter according to the specifications set forth by the city of Sioux Falls. 3) Prepare specifications and drawings. ALTERNATIVES A... Free Essays on Constuction Scope Free Essays on Constuction Scope SCOPE The project is a northern extension of National Avenue, which would connect 54th Street to Benson Avenue in Sioux Falls, SD. With the nearest unblocked routes traveling north and south being I-229 to the east of the project, and Cliff Avenue to the west of the project, the National Avenue addition would allow current traffic another route. Another proponent of the road is to provide future industrial development of the land between Storm Sewer Design Procedure 1) Conduct a drainage study to determine the maximum flow for the project in order to determine design parameters. 2) Determine the size of the pipe required and the size of the inlet. 3) Determine lowest elevation along the project in order to place the inlet. 4) Make sure all elements of the design comply with current Sioux Fall design standards. 5) Prepare specifications and drawings. Sanitary Sewer Design Procedure 1) Determine the size of pipe needed to service the surrounding industrial zoned area. 2) Design the proposed sanitary sewer to match the existing inverts. 3) Make sure the size, stubs, and material of the pipe comply with current Sioux Falls industrial zoning regulations. 4) Prepare specifications and drawings. Water Main Design Procedure 1) Determine pipe sizing and the number of stubs required based on the proposed future water need along the project. 2) Make sure all elements of the design comply with current Sioux Falls design standards. 3) Prepare specifications and drawings. Street Design Procedure 1) Select a surfacing material and granular base material that has been authorized by the South Dakota Department of Transportation for use near industrialized areas. 2) Design street grades, cross sections, street alignment, and curb and gutter according to the specifications set forth by the city of Sioux Falls. 3) Prepare specifications and drawings. ALTERNATIVES A...

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